Cornell Notes

Chapter 20, Section 1

The Earth’s Ecosystems

 
Chapter 20: Section 1: Land Ecosystems

Page 474 – 480

1) Define abiotic. (474) 1) Abiotic is defined as nonliving factors in an environment.
2) Define biome. (474) 2) A biome is defined as a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities.
3) Define savanna. (478) 3) A savanna is a tropical grassland biome with scattered clumps of trees.
4) Define desert. (479) 4) A desert is a hot, dry biome inhabited by organisms adapted to survive high daytime temperatures and long periods without rain.
5) Define tundra. (480) 5) The tundra is a far-northern biome characterized by long, cold winters, permafrost, and few trees.
6) Define permafrost. (480) 6) Permafrost is defined as the permanently frozen ground just below the surface of the soil in the arctic tundra.
7) Fill in these blanks: 7) Rainfall and Temperature are the main factors that determine what kind of biome is found in a region.
8) Fill in this chart:

THREE TYPES OF FOREST BIOMES
  Tropical Rain Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest
AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL Up to 400cm 75-125cm 35-75cm
AVERAGE

TEMPERATURES

 Day: 93*F

Night: 68*F

 Summer: 82*F

Winter: 43*F

 Summer: 57*F

Winter: 14*F

 

 
9) Fill in this chart:

COMPARE GRASSLANDS AND SAVANNAS
 

Grasslands

Savannas
AVERAGE

YEARLY

RAINFALL

 25-75cm 150cm
AVERAGE

TEMPERATURES

 Summer: 86*F

Winter: 32*F

 Dry season: 93*F

Wet season: 61*F

 

 
10) Fill in this chart:

COMPARE DESERTS AND TUNDRA
 

Desert

Tundra

AVERAGE

YEARLY

RAINFALL

 Less than 25cm 30-50cm
AVERAGE

TEMPERATURES

 Summer: 100*F

Winter: 45*F

 Summer: 54*F

Winter: -14*F

 

 
11) Create a bar graph to illustrate the following data: BIOME: AVG.                           YEARLY RAINFALL:

Temp. Deciduous Forest              125cm

Coniferous Forest                         75cm

Tropical Rain Forest                    400cm

Temperate Grassland                   75cm

Savanna                                   150cm

Desert                                        25cm

Tundra                                       50cm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 20, Section 2

The Earth’s Ecosystems

 

 
Chapter 20: Section 2: Marine Ecosystems

Page 481 – 485

1) Define marine. (481) 1) Marine is defines as an ecosystem based on salty water.
2) Define phytoplankton. (481) 2) Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that float near the surface of the ocean.
3) Define zooplankton. (481) 3) Zooplankton are very small organisms that, along with the phytoplankton they consume, form the base of the ocean’s food web.
4) Define estuary. (485) 4) An estuary is an area where fresh water from streams and rivers spills into the ocean.
5) Define and give the location of the intertidal zone. (482) 5) The intertidal zone is the area where the sea and land meet. This area includes mud flats, rocky shores, and sandy beaches.
6) Define and give the location of the neritic zone. (482) 6) The neritic zone is the area over the continental shelf. Water in this area is usually less than 200m deep.
7) Define and give the location of the oceanic zone. (483) 7) The oceanic zone extends past the continental shelf. It is the area of the deep water of the ocean. At greater depths, no light penetrates.
8) Define and give the location of the Benthic zone. (483) 8) The benthic zone is the sea floor. It extends throughout the intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones.
9) Draw and label the four major ocean areas. MARINE ECOSYSTEM:

 
10) Describe coral reefs. (484) 10) In sunny, tropical waters, coral reefs are home to many diverse organisms such as sponges and sea urchins. Corals live in a symbiotic relationship with algae. The algae provide food for the corals while the corals provide a place of the algae to live.
11) Describe estuaries. (485) 11) An estuary is an area where fresh water from streams and rivers mix constantly with salt water from the ocean. The amount of salt in the water varies with the tide. The water is rich in nutrients due to the fresh water running off the land.
12) Describe the intertidal areas. (485) 12) Intertidal areas include mudflats, sandy beaches, and rocky shores.
13) What are five factors that characterize a marine biome? Five factors that characterize a marine biome are:
  1. amount of sunlight penetrating the water
  2. the distance from the land
  3. the depth of the water
  4. the salinity of the water
  5. the temperature of the water

Chapter 20, Section 3

The Earth’s Ecosystems

 
Chapter 20: Section 3: Freshwater Ecosystems

Page 486 – 491

1) Define tributary. (486) 1) A tributary is a small stream or river that flows into a larger one.
2) Define littoral zone. (487) 2) The littoral zone is the zone of a lake or pond closest to the edge of the land.
3) Define open-water zone. (487) 3) The open water zone is the zone of a lake or pond that extends from the littoral zone out across the top of the water and is only as deep as light can reach through the water.
4) Define deep-water zone. (487) 4) The deep-water zone is the zone of a lake or pond below the open – water zone, where no light reaches.
5) What is a wetland? (488) 5) A wetland is an area of land where the water level is near or above the surface of the ground for most of the year.
6) What is a marsh? (488) 6) A marsh is a treeless wetland ecosystem where plants such as cattails and rushes grow.
7) What is a swamp? (489) 7) A swamp is a wetland ecosystem where trees and vines grow.
8) Describe the two types of freshwater ecosystems. (491) 8) Freshwater ecosystems are classified according to whether they have running water or standing water. Brooks, rivers, and streams contain running water. Lakes and ponds contain standing water.
9) What three factors increase or decrease as tributaries join streams between the source and the ocean? 9) As tributaries join streams between the source and the ocean:

1. the volume of the water in the stream increases

2. the nutrient content increases

3. the speed decreases
10) What determines what types of organisms are found in a stream or river? 10) The type of organisms found in a stream or river are determined by how quickly the current is moving.
11) Describe the two types of wetlands. (488-489) 11) The two types of wetlands are:

1. marshes-a treeless wetland ecosystem where plants such as cattails and rushes grow.

2. swamps-a wetland ecosystem where trees and vines grow.

 

 

BONUS OPPORTUNITY!

Create a travel brochure for one of the biomes in this chapter. The brochure should include information about the climate, wildlife, recreation, and conservation efforts in that biome. You should be creative as well as informative. A grading rubric will be provided.