| Chapter 12 |
Section 1: What Makes a
Plant a Plant? Pages 270 – 273 |
| 1) What is a
sporophyte? |
1) A sporophyte is
a stage in a plant life cycle during which spores are formed. |
| 2) What is a
gametophyte? |
2) A gametophyte
is a stage in a plant life cycle during which eggs and sperm are produced. |
| 3) Describe the
characteristics of a nonvascular plant. List some examples of nonvascular
plants.2 |
3) A nonvascular
plant is one that depends on the processes of diffusion and osmosis to move
materials from one part of the plant to another. Nonvascular plants are
"plants without plumbing"---no "pipes" to transport water or nutrients.
Nonvascular plants are small. Examples of nonvascular plants are mosses and
liverworts. |
| 4) Describe the
characteristics of a vascular plant. |
4) A vascular
plant is one that has specialized tissues called xylem and phloem, which
move materials from one part of the plant to another. Xylem and phloem are
vascular tissue. Vascular plants do not rely on diffusion and osmosis to
move materials throughout the plant. Vascular plants can be almost any size.
Vascular plants can be divided into two groups: 1-plants that do not
produce seeds
(ferns, horsetails, club mosses)
2-plants that produce seeds
A-nonflowering (gymnosperms)
B-flowering (angiosperms) |
| 5) What is an
angiosperm? |
5) An angiosperm
is a plant that produces seeds in flowers. |
| 6) What is a
gymnosperm? |
6) A gymnosperm is
a plant that produces seeds but not flowers. The seeds are often produced in
a cone. |
| 7) What
characteristics do all plants share? |
7) All plants
share certain characteristics: 1-make their own food
2-have a cuticle (waxy layer to protect exposed areas)
3-cells have cell walls
4-reproduce with spores and sex cells |
| 8) What is the
origin of plants thought to be? |
8) Similarities
between modern green algae and plants suggest that both may have originated
from an ancient species of green algae. Their similarities include color,
the same kind of chlorophyll, similar cell walls, store energy in the form
of starch, and have a two-part life cycle. |
| 9) What are the
four main types of plants and how do they differ from one another? |
9) The four main
types of plants and their differences are: 1-Nonvascular plants
do not contain vascular tissue
2-Vascular plants-No seeds
3+4-Vascular plants-Produce seeds
3-Gymnosperms-No flowers
4-Angiosperms-Flowers |
| 10) How is a
plant’s size related to its method of transporting water and nutrients? |
10) Nonvascular
plants rely on osmosis and diffusion, which are only efficient in small
plants. Vascular plants have conducting tissues, which enable the plant to
be small or very large. |
| Chapter 12 |
Section 4: The
Structures of Seed Plants Pages 284 – 291 |
| 1) Define Xylem. |
1) Xylem is a specialized
plant tissue that transports water and minerals from one part of the plant
to another. |
| 2) Define Phloem. |
2) Phloem is a specialized
plant tissue that transports sugar from one part of the plant to another. |
| 3) What is a sepal? |
3) A sepal is a leaf-like
structure that covers and protects the immature flower. |
| 4) What is a petal? |
4) A petal is the often
colorful structures on a flower that are usually involved in attracting
pollinators. |
| 5) What is the stamen? |
5) The stamen is the male
reproductive structure in a flower that consists of a filament topped by a
pollen producing anther. |
| 6) What is the pistil? |
6) The pistil is the female
reproductive structure in a flower that consists of a stigma, a style, and
an ovary. |
| 7) What is the stigma? |
7) The stigma is the flower
part that is located at the tip of the pistil. |
| 8) What is the ovary? |
8) In flowers, the ovary is
the structure containing ovules that will develop into fruit following
fertilization. |
| 9) Describe the function of
the roots. What are the two types of roots? Give examples of each. |
9) The main functions of
roots are: 1-supply plants with water and minerals that have been
absorbed from the soil
2-support and anchor plants
3-store surplus food made during photosynthesis
The two types of roots are:
1-taproot: has one main root that grows downward with many smaller branch
roots coming out of it; obtain water located deep underground; dicots and
gymnosperms have taproots
2-fibrous root: has several roots of the same size that spread out from
the base of the stem; obtain water that is close to the soil surface;
monocots have fibrous roots |
| 10) Describe the function
of the stem. |
10) The stem connects a
plant’s roots to its leaves and flower and performs the following functions:
1-support the plant body
2-transport materials between the root system and the shoot
system (leaves)
3-store materials |
| 11) Explain how the
structure of the leaves is related to their function. |
11) The epidermis of the
leaf is transparent to allow light in. Stomata allow gases to enter and
leave the leaf. The palisade layer of the leaf contains chloroplasts, which
carry out photosynthesis. The spongy layer contains cells that are spread
out to help the diffusion of carbon dioxide. The veins transport materials
to and from the leaf. |
| 12)
Draw and label the parts of a flower. |
FLOWER STRUCTURE, page
290 |
| 13) Draw and label the
layers of a leaf. |
LEAF STRUCTURE, page 289 |
| Chapter 12 |
Sections 2 & 3: Seedless
Plants & Plants with Seeds Pages 274 – 283 |
| 1) What is a rhizoid? |
1) Rhizoids are small,
hair-like threads of cells that help hold nonvascular plants in place. |
| 2) What is a rhizome? |
2) A rhizome is an
underground stem. |
| 3) What is pollen? |
3) Pollen is the dust-like
particles that carry the male gametophyte of seed plants. |
| 4) What is pollination? |
4) Pollination is the
transfer of pollen to the female cone in conifers or to the stigma in
angiosperms. |
| 5) What is a cotyledon? |
5) The cotyledon is a food
storing part of a seed that is used by the developing plant until it can
produce its own food. |
| 6) Draw and label the
distinguishing characteristics of monocots. (Page 283, Figure 19) |
MONOCOTS, p 283
|
| 7) List several examples of
monocots. |
7) Examples of monocots are
lilies, irises, tulips, corn, and most grasses.
|
| 8) Draw and label the
distinguishing characteristics of dicots. (Page 283, Figure 19) |
DICOTS, p 283
 |
| 9) List several examples of
dicots. |
9) Examples of dicots are
peanuts, lima beans, daisies, and petunias. |
| 10) Describe the features
of mosses and liverworts. |
10) Features of mosses and
liverworts: 1-small
2-do not contain vascular tissue
3-grow on soil, bark of trees, rocks
4-live in places where it is always wet; each cell must
absorb water directly from the environment or from
another cell
5-have rhizoids |
| 11) How are mosses and
liverworts important to the environment? |
11) Importance of mosses
and liverworts: 1-they are the first plants to inhabit a new environment
2-when they die, they form a thin layer of soil for new
plants
3-reduce erosion by covering the soil and help hold it in
place
4-provide nesting materials for birds |
| 12) Describe the features
of ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. |
12) Features of ferns,
horsetails, and club mosses: 1-variety of sizes
2-contain vascular tissue
3-most are small
4-have a rhizome
5-have fronds, fiddleheads or cone-like tips |
| 13) What is the importance
of seedless vascular plants? |
13) Importance of seedless
vascular plants 1-help form soil
2-hold soil in place
3-prevent soil erosion
4-ferns are popular houseplants
5-fiddleheads are harvested, cooked, and eaten
6-remains of ancient seedless vascular plants formed coal |
| 14) What is the difference
between a rhizoid and a rhizome? |
14) A rhizoid is a
threadlike extension of cells that anchors a moss to soil or rocks. A
rhizome is the underground stem of a fern. |
| 15) Why won’t mosses ever
grow as large as ferns? |
15) Ferns have vascular
tissue that can transport water and nutrients throughout a large plant.
Mosses have no vascular tissue, and each cell must get water directly from
the environment or from a neighboring cell. |
| 16) Compare a seed with a
spore. |
16) Spores have no stored
food to nourish the new plant. Seeds have a source of stored food. Spores
are single-celled. Seeds are made up of many cells. |
| 17) What are the features
of gymnosperms? |
17) Features of
gymnosperms: 1-are vascular plants
2-seeds are not enclosed in a fruit
3-four main groups:
A-conifers
B-ginkgoes
C-cycads
D-gnetophytes
4-do not produce flowers
5-most seeds are produced in cones by pollination |
| 18) What are the features
of angiosperms? |
18) Features of
angiosperms: 1-are vascular plants
2-produce flowers
3-produce seeds within fruits |
| 19) What is the purpose of
a flower? |
19) The purpose of flowers
is to attract animals to the plant to aid in reproduction. The flowers
attract animals to the plant which then carry pollen from flower to flower. |
| 20) What is the purpose of
a fruit? |
20) The purpose of a fruit
is to ensure that seeds survive as they are transported from one area to
another. |
| 21) List the economic and
environmental importance of gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
21) Economic and
environmental importance: Gymnosperms-
1-conifers are harvested for building materials (wood) and
for paper products
2-pine trees (a specific type of conifer) produce resin which
is used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink
Angiosperms-
1-food for animals
2-major crops for human consumption-corn, wheat, rice
3-oak trees are used to make furniture and toys
4-cotton and flax are used to clothing and rope
5-some flowering plants are used to make medicine, cork,
rubber, and perfumes |
